Welcome to class number four session number one the present class will deal with pencils that are based on metal nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals. We will start first by an introduction to the basic properties of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals. Nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals are defined as small objects that are scarce between 1 and 100 nanometers and that behave as a whole unit with respect to their transport properties. Nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals are size dependent and therefore the properties of the materials change as their car approaches the nanoscale and as the percentage of the atoms at the surface of the material becomes significant the increasing and sometimes unexpected properties of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals are significantly due to the large surface area of the material which dominate the contribution made by the small bulk of the material for the sake of comparison bulk materials or mainly particles that are large than 1 micrometer in diameter contain in significant percentage of atoms on the surface compared to the number of atoms in the bulk of the material therefore they don’t exhibit size dependent changes in their physical properties the present slides show one example of the unique properties that are related to this size and this unique property is the color of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals are often processed and expected optical properties as they are small enough to confine their electrons and to produce quantum effects the charge dependence color of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals volatilized those out any intention by artist as far as the 9th century for generating a glittering effect on surfaces of false or colors and stained glass acting in the presented figure variation in disguise shape.
All type of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals have dramatic effect on their colors for example circle gold nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals with the emitter of 25 nanometers look green and gold nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals with 100 nanometer in diameter look orange on the other hand circle gold nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals with 100 nanometer in diameter exhibit orange color at the time similar size of critical skills er nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals exhibit yellow color also one can evidence that spherical silver nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals that have 100 nanometer in diameter it’s a bit yellow color and their time silver nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals that have similar characteristics type but a prison shape show and exhibit red color several studies have shown the ability to control the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals type starting with cores made of few metals such as gold silver nickel cobalt platinum palladium copper aluminum and Petra etc also civil studies have shown the ability to produce nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals that are made from metal alloys such as combination of gold and tells are gold and copper gold silver and copper and tetra and Petra and many examples also can be found in these kinds of literature a special interest is that the formation of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals is relatively simple and to some extent comparable to cooking in one common wet chemical route the main ingredients are metal salt the right solvent and the appropriate reducing material what you need to do right now is just to mix them all together and you will have metal nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals course there are other formation routes for the metal nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals which we will discuss later on in the next session in addition to their size and type the shape of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals can be engineered and controlled the size of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals can be determined by the ratio of the ingredient during the cooking step generally a higher ratio of gold in comparison to the other ingredients will result in larger nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals as seen in the figure presented on the screen in panel number a by changing other conditions during these 10 series like the temperature other shapes can be formed like minerals as could be seen in panel number see in the figure other modifications can result in more complex gold nano structures as could be seen in panel number h2 panel number all the variety of shapes of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals have come from thick applications one field is in the biomedical application where the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals have desirable optical properties and potentially cargo holding the holo structure that can use for drug delivery such as the structures in in panel number s in the figure presented on the screen an important aspect in the nanoparticle field is the ability to encapsulate the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals or to modify their stresses with wide variety of molecular region including alkyl sails alkane celluloid re-insulate alkyl try me field telex chain die alkyl still fires DNA proteins sugars phospholipids in beams and many many more the inception or the surface protection of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals is extremely important for a number of reasons the first reason is that the capping Legion can protect the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals from agglomeration namely with no protection of the nanoparticle these nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals will connect together and form larger particles that way the special properties of the Nano structure will be lost. The second reason is that capping legions allows perfect protection that can help achieving specific properties a simple example is the length of the protecting legend by using a longer protecting Legion the distance between the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals will be larger that’s affecting the analyte amount that is absorbed between the adjacent nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals and sensing applications the third reason is a natural continuation of the first two reasons more specifically capping lesion allow a clinic a hybrid combination of chemical and physical sanctions which would have a great effect on distance ABC TCP and the selectivity of the sensors.
Now we can see that nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals capped with organic region can be applied in several forms one form is to apply the nanoparticle as is without le linkage between them the crystal form relies on creating a highly ordered sheet of nanoparticle by utilizing the protecting reagent as bond or or linker that link between the adjusting nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals this form of linked nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals is illustrated in mythical steam in the presented slide achieving intra link nanoparticle involves exchange reactions falls by inter particle linkages including cellulite gold bonding with steel on the Left image hydrogen bonding of the carboxylic acid terminal groups which spin on the right image on the screen and collective die carboxylate silver bonding which can be seen in the middle image on the screen the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals are the yellow spheres and they are covered by to protecting Lydians as could be seen on the screen one legend is connected only by one nanoparticle by disulfide or s bond which is told for and its length is represented by the letter n on the screen or in the schematic the other Legion is connected to two different nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals as indicated by the letter H and the lengths of these lesions is M as Keane also in the scheme on the image as could be seen when n is smaller than M the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals matrix will be extremely dense on the other hand when M is larger than M the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals matrix will be much more flexible these properties are important when using nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals as devices all sensors as we will learn later on in this class you control over the values of N and M generally control over the lengths and characteristics of the protecting legend well it reminds the properties of the device based on the nanoparticle properties that would be affected by religion or for example the electrical properties like the electrical resistance and the ability to sense different molecules by these devices as well – come a’right the unique features of the molecular II modified nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals for sensing application we can mention the following point the first advantage is the large surface area that is useful for analyzed absorption or in catalytic processes the second advantage is the simplicity to synthesize nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals thus making this fabrication process cost-effective to some extent the third advantage is the ability to control disguise distribution of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals something that would help and will enable low noise levels in potential sensing applications metal nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals are suitable and organic solvent something that assure easy application of solid state surfaces also metal nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals are stable in error something that might have promised for a long shelf time as well as long life operation time also another advantage is that delusions of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals can be exchanged thus allowing easy engineering of the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals surfaced.
Additional advantage is that the nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals are very easy for characterization and then nanoparticles according to nanomaterial journals with or without molecular cataclysms have a range of interesting electronic and optical properties most of which can be utilized for sensing applications.
We come now to the end of class number 4 session number one thank you.