{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\cocoartf1347\cocoasubrtf570 {\fonttbl\f0\fswiss\fcharset0 Helvetica;} {\colortbl;\red255\green255\blue255;} \margl1440\margr1440\vieww10800\viewh8400\viewkind0 \pard\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\pardirnatural \f0\fs24 \cf0 LAST YEAR, SOME POLITICAL \ SCIENCE RESEARCH CAME OUT THAT \ \ 0701 15:51:35:10 15:51:40:02 \ \ MADE MANY OF US IN THE MEDIA AND \ THE POLITICAL SCIENCE WORLD \ \ 0702 15:51:40:02 15:51:42:23 \ \ RETHINK SOME OF WHAT WE THOUGHT \ WE KNEW ABOUT THE WAY PEOPLE ARE \ \ 0703 15:51:42:23 15:51:47:11 \ \ PERSUADED TO CHANGE THEIR \ OPINION ON ISSUES, AND IT HAD TO \ \ 0704 15:51:47:12 15:51:50:03 \ \ DO WITH SAME-SEX MARRIAGE. TURNS \ OUT THE DATA WAS FRAUDULENT. \ \ 0705 15:51:50:03 15:51:51:06 \ \ HERE'S THE INFO. UCLA GRAD \ STUDENT MICHAEL MCCLURE AND \ \ 0706 15:51:51:07 15:51:55:22 \ \ COLUMBIA POLITICAL SCIENTIST \ DONALD GREEN PUBLISHED A \ \ 0707 15:51:55:23 15:52:00:14 \ \ STARTLING FINDING GOING \ DOOR-TO-DOOR TO TRY TO PERSUADE \ \ 0708 15:52:00:14 15:52:05:00 \ \ VOTERS TO SUPPORT SAME-SEX \ MARRIAGE WORKS, THEY FOUND, AND \ \ 0709 15:52:05:01 15:52:10:01 \ \ IT WORKS ESPECIALLY WELL WHEN \ THE CANVASSER IS GAY. EVEN FOUND \ \ 0710 15:52:10:01 15:52:11:26 \ \ SPILLOVER EFFECTS. PEOPLE WHO \ LIVED WITH VOTERS WHO TALK TO A \ \ 0711 15:52:11:27 15:52:16:07 \ \ GAY CANVASSER GREW MORE \ SUPPORTIVE, AND IN FOLLOW-UP \ \ 0712 15:52:16:07 15:52:18:02 \ \ SURVEYS, THOSE CHANGED BELIEFS \ ABOUT SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND \ \ 0713 15:52:18:02 15:52:23:03 \ \ HOMOSEXUALS IN GENERAL REMAINED \ CONSISTENT UP TO NINE MONTHS \ \ 0714 15:52:23:03 15:52:25:27 \ \ AFTER THE RESEARCH WAS DONE. SO \ TO THOSE OF US WHO THINK THAT \ \ 0715 15:52:25:28 15:52:30:16 \ \ SAME-SEX MARRIAGE IS A GOOD \ THING, AND THAT PEOPLE SHOULD \ \ 0716 15:52:30:17 15:52:33:09 \ \ RETHINK WHAT THEY THINK ABOUT \ IT, THIS WAS MIRACULOUS. YOU \ \ 0717 15:52:33:09 15:52:33:27 \ \ COULD GO AND TALK TO PEOPLE, \ SHOW THAT YOU ARE A HUMAN WHO \ \ 0718 15:52:33:28 15:52:39:01 \ \ DESERVED THE SAME RIGHTS OF THE \ PEOPLE DO, AND THEY WOULD CHANGE \ \ 0719 15:52:39:02 15:52:43:20 \ \ THEIR OPINION? THAT IS EXACTLY \ WHAT WE WANT OUT OF PEOPLE.

\ \ 0720 15:52:43:21 15:52:48:24 \ \ TURNS OUT THAT MICHAEL LACOUR, \ THE GRAD STUDENT INVOLVED, MADE \ \ 0721 15:52:48:24 15:52:54:02 \ \ UP THE DATA. HE NEVER ACTUALLY \ HAD DATA BEING DONE, NEVER HAD \ \ 0722 15:52:54:02 15:52:57:21 \ \ CANVASSERS GO, HE MANIPULATED \ CHARTS AND FIGURES AND THINGS OF \ \ 0723 15:52:57:22 15:53:02:06 \ \ THAT SORT. SO DONALD GREEN, THE \ PROFESSOR, HAS APPARENTLY BEEN \ \ 0724 15:53:02:07 15:53:04:18 \ \ HOODWINKED INTO SIGNING HIS NAME \ UNTO A FRAUDULENT RESEARCH \ \ 0725 15:53:04:18 15:53:04:18 \ \ ENDEAVOR. \ \ 0726 15:53:04:18 15:53:07:18 \ \ WHY WOULD HE DO THAT? \ WHAT WAS IN IT FOR HIM? \ \ 0727 15:53:07:19 15:53:12:11 \ \ WHY WOULDN'T YOU GO AHEAD AND DO \ THE CANVASSING, AND REPORT \ \ 0728 15:53:12:11 15:53:14:12 \ \ WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED? \ \ 0729 15:53:14:12 15:53:17:23 \ \ YOU WOULD BECOME JUST AS FAMOUS, \ WHEN YOU? \ \ 0730 15:53:17:24 15:53:18:08 \ \ NOT NECESSARILY. \ \ 0731 15:53:18:08 15:53:18:08 \ \ FIRST OF ALL, THIS DOES NOT \ PROVE THAT DOING THE \ \ 0732 15:53:18:08 15:53:18:15 \ \ CANVASSING DOES NOT WORK. \ \ 0733 15:53:18:16 15:53:19:28 \ \ HE DIDN'T DO IT. \ \ 0734 15:53:19:29 15:53:24:21 \ \ IT DOES NOT PROVE THAT IT DOES \ WORK. IF YOU DID IT, AND WHAT \ \ 0735 15:53:24:22 15:53:29:19 \ \ WOULD PROBABLY HAPPEN IS WHAT \ HAPPENS MOST TIME WHEN YOU HAVE \ \ 0736 15:53:29:19 15:53:34:22 \ \ A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY, YOU WOULD \ GET A FINDING THAT DOESN'T SHOW \ \ 0737 15:53:34:23 15:53:35:22 \ \ MUCH. THAT IS WORTH ABSOLUTELY \ ZERO, WHEN TRYING TO GET A JOB \ \ 0738 15:53:35:23 15:53:40:26 \ \ AS A POLITICAL SCIENTIST, I CAN \ SAY FROM EXPERIENCE. EVEN IF YOU \ \ 0739 15:53:40:27 15:53:45:13 \ \ DOES PROVE SOMETHING, PEOPLE \ DON'T CARE. THEY WANT SOME \ \ 0740 15:53:45:13 15:53:47:08 \ \ POSITIVE FINDING, AND LOOK.

HE \ DESERVE TO BE BANNED FROM BEING \ \ 0741 15:53:47:08 15:53:51:08 \ \ RESEARCH IN THE FUTURE, YOU \ CAN'T DO THIS. YOU CAN'T HAVE IT \ \ 0742 15:53:51:09 15:53:56:12 \ \ BE COVERED NATIONALLY, AND MAKE \ YOUR FIELD LOOK RIDICULOUS FOR \ \ 0743 15:53:56:12 15:53:58:28 \ \ WHAT WILL BE A FEW NEW CYCLES. \ BUT I UNDERSTAND THE HUGE \ \ 0744 15:53:58:29 15:54:01:07 \ \ PRESSURE GRAD STUDENTS \ ARE UNDER TO GET A JOB. \ \ 0745 15:54:01:07 15:54:04:16 \ \ YOU NEED TO HAVE INTERESTING \ RESEARCH UNDER YOUR BELT OR \ \ 0746 15:54:04:17 15:54:06:18 \ \ YOU WON'T GET A POSITION. \ \ 0747 15:54:06:18 15:54:08:27 \ \ HOW DID THEY FIND THIS OUT? \ \ 0748 15:54:08:28 15:54:11:15 \ \ THE COOL THING IS, AND IT GOES \ TO ANSWER THE QUESTION, MANY \ \ 0749 15:54:11:16 15:54:16:12 \ \ PEOPLE WILL LOOK AT THIS, AND \ REPUBLICANS WHO TRY CONSTANTLY \ \ 0750 15:54:16:13 15:54:21:28 \ \ TO CUT FUNDING TO THE NSF AND \ OTHER GRANT FOUNDATIONS, THEY \ \ 0751 15:54:21:29 15:54:25:22 \ \ PROVIDE A LOT OF THE MONEY THAT \ LEADS TO RESEARCH LIKE THIS. \ \ 0752 15:54:25:22 15:54:30:03 \ \ THEY WILL SAY, LOOK AT THIS. \ THEY ARE WASTING TAXPAYER \ \ 0753 15:54:30:03 15:54:32:21 \ \ DOLLARS, THEY DON'T PRODUCE ANY \ MEANINGFUL DATA, THEY ARE \ \ 0754 15:54:32:21 15:54:37:08 \ \ PROBABLY JUST LYING TO US, AS IF \ SCIENCE IS TO BLAME FOR THIS. \ \ 0755 15:54:37:08 15:54:42:08 \ \ BUT SCIENCE IS TO BLAME FOR US \ FIGURING OUT THAT THEY DEFRAUDED \ \ 0756 15:54:42:28 15:54:47:26 \ \ THEM, AND THE REASON IS, TO \ OTHER BERKELEY GRADUATES, THEY \ \ 0757 15:54:47:26 15:54:49:24 \ \ ATTEMPTED TO EXTEND THE DATA BY \ GOING A COUPLE OF STEPS FARTHER. \ \ 0758 15:54:49:24 15:54:50:07 \ \ THEY DID INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE \ ORIGINAL DATA, TALKING TO THE \ \ 0759 15:54:50:08 15:54:55:05 \ \ AUTHORS, ASKING THEM QUESTIONS, \ ASKING FOR ACCESS TO THE RAW \ \ 0760 15:54:55:06 15:54:59:04 \ \ DATA, SO THEY COULD THEN DO \ FOLLOW-UP STUDIES AND \ \ 0761 15:54:59:05 15:55:04:10 \ \ REPLICATION STUDIES, AND THEY \ FOUND OUT IN THAT INVESTIGATION \ \ 0762 15:55:04:11 15:55:06:06 \ \ THAT HE HAD NOT DONE \ THE RESEARCH.

\ \ 0763 15:55:06:06 15:55:06:06 \ \ SO SCIENCE IS NOT TO BLAME, \ SCIENCE ALLOWED US TO FIND \ \ 0764 15:55:06:06 15:55:06:06 \ \ OUT WE HAD BEEN DEFRAUDED. \ \ 0765 15:55:06:06 15:55:08:00 \ \ THAT IS WHY SCIENTIST \ TRUSTWORTHY, BECAUSE WE \ \ 0766 15:55:08:01 15:55:12:02 \ \ DON'T JUST DO ONE STUDY AND \ THAT'S IT FOR THE REST OF \ \ 0767 15:55:12:03 15:55:13:27 \ \ TIME AND WE BELIEVE IT. \ \ 0768 15:55:13:28 15:55:18:22 \ \ WE DUPLICATED, WE REPLICATED, WE \ PUT IT IN NEW CONTEXTS, AND \ \ 0769 15:55:18:23 15:55:22:29 \ \ THAT'S HOW WE GAIN THE FAITH WE \ HAVE IN THE FINDINGS OF \ \ 0770 15:55:23:00 15:55:25:23 \ \ DIFFERENT SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVORS. \ \ 0771 15:55:25:24 15:55:29:20 \ \ SO WHEN SOMEONE COMES OUT AND \ SAYS, I HAVE THIS STUDY THAT I \ \ 0772 15:55:29:20 15:55:34:15 \ \ DID, AND IT PROVES THIS, PEOPLE \ SAY, IS IT PEER-REVIEWED? AND \ \ 0773 15:55:34:16 15:55:38:02 \ \ WHAT THAT MEANS IS, HAS IT BEEN \ SCRUTINIZED? HAVE PEOPLE TRIED \ \ 0774 15:55:38:02 15:55:42:04 \ \ TO KNOCK THIS DOWN YET? BECAUSE \ MAYBE IT IS AN OUTLIER, MAYBE IT \ \ 0775 15:55:42:05 15:55:46:25 \ \ WAS A BAD SAMPLE OR SOMETHING \ WRONG WITH IT. SO WE HAVE TO SEE \ \ 0776 15:55:46:26 15:55:56:06 \ \ IF WE CAN, A, REPLICATED, AND, \ B, IS IT PEER-REVIEWED? THAT IS \ \ 0777 15:55:56:07 15:55:59:08 \ \ WHY SCIENCE IS GENERALLY \ TRUSTWORTHY, BECAUSE WE \ \ 0778 15:55:59:09 15:56:03:18 \ \ DON'T JUST ACCEPT THINGS THE \ FIRST TIME YOU OFFER IT. \ \ 0779 15:56:03:18 15:56:05:27 \ \ WE TRY TO KNOCK IT DOWN FIRST. \ \ 0780 15:56:05:28 15:56:06:26 \ \ EXACTLY. \ \ 0781 15:56:06:27 15:56:08:24 \ \ WHICH IS WHY PEOPLE DON'T \ UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE \ \ 0782 15:56:08:25 15:56:14:13 \ \ BETWEEN A THEORY AND A \ SCIENTIFIC THEORY. A SCIENTIFIC \ \ 0783 15:56:14:13 15:56:19:01 \ \ THEORY IS A FACT THAT HAS NOT \ BEEN DISPROVEN YET.

\ \ 0784 15:56:19:01 15:56:21:22 \ \ DESPITE MANY ATTEMPTS TO DO \ SO. \ \ 0785 15:56:21:22 15:56:26:06 \ \ RIGHT. THE THEORY OF \ EVOLUTION, THEY HAVE BEEN TRYING \ \ 0786 15:56:26:06 15:56:28:27 \ \ TO DISPROVE IT, AND THEY CAN'T \ DISPROVE IT, SO THAT IS WHY \ \ 0787 15:56:28:28 15:56:30:17 \ \ IT REMAINS A THEORY. \ \ 0788 15:56:30:17 15:56:35:03 \ \ YOU ARE TOTALLY RIGHT. THIS \ SHOULD HAVE BEEN FOUND OUT \ \ 0789 15:56:35:04 15:56:38:01 \ \ DURING THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS. \ THE PROCESS CAN FIGURE OUT A LOT \ \ 0790 15:56:38:01 15:56:38:22 \ \ OF PROBLEMS WITH STUDIES, IT IS \ NOT FOOLPROOF, AND THIS STUDY \ \ 0791 15:56:38:22 15:56:43:19 \ \ DID GET PAST THE PURE REVIEW \ PROCESS BECAUSE DESPITE THE FACT \ \ 0792 15:56:43:20 15:56:48:06 \ \ THAT THEY WERE ASKED FOR THE \ DATA, THEY DON'T CONTACT THE \ \ 0793 15:56:48:07 15:56:52:28 \ \ COMPANY THAT CONDUCTED THE DATA \ IN ALL CASES TO SEE IF IT WAS \ \ 0794 15:56:52:29 15:56:54:18 \ \ DONE. THEY FAILED IN THIS CASE, \ SCIENCE, A JOURNAL, A REPUTABLE \ \ 0795 15:56:54:18 15:56:58:14 \ \ JOURNAL, THEY FAILED IN THEIR \ PEER REVIEW PROCESS, BUT \ \ 0796 15:56:58:15 15:57:03:10 \ \ THANKFULLY OTHER GRADUATE \ STUDENTS FOLLOWED UP. HOPEFULLY \ \ 0797 15:57:03:10 15:57:05:15 \ \ SOMEONE WILL ACTUALLY CONDUCT \ THIS RESEARCH SO WE CAN FIND OUT \ \ 0798 15:57:05:16 15:57:09:22 \ \ ONCE AND FOR ALL, DOESN'T \ ACTUALLY HAVE A BENEFICIAL \ \ 0799 15:57:09:23 15:57:12:25 \ \ OUTCOME?}.